Elements of history

London Underground was formed in 1985, but its history dates back to 1863 when the world's first underground railway opened in London.

1843  Opening of theThames Tunnel.
1863 The Metropolitan Railway opened the world's first underground railway between Paddington and Farringdon Street.
1868  Opening of the first section of the Metropolitan District Railway from South Kensington to
Westminster (now part of the District and Circle Lines).
1880 Opening of the first Tube tunnel, from the Tower of London to Bermondsey.

1884 Completion of what is now the Circle Line.

1890 The City and South London Railway opened the world's first deep-level electric railway under the River Thames.

1908 The Underground name first appeared on stations.

1911 First escalators installed, at Earl's Court station.

1913 First appearance of the famous circle and horizontal bar symbol (the roundel).

1929 Last manually operated doors on tube trains replaced by air-operated doors.

1933 The Underground Group and the Metropolitan Railway become part of the London Passenger Transport Board, taking control of all the capital's railway, bus, tram, trolleybus and coach services.
1933 First Underground map in diagrammatic form, devised by Harry Beck.
1940 From September, and until May 1945, Tube station platforms were used as air raid shelters. The Piccadilly Line Holborn - Aldwych branch was closed and used to store British Museum treasures.

1952 First aluminium train entered service on the District Line.

1970 The Underground and the Greater London area bus network passed to the London Transport Executive, reporting to Greater London Council.

1971 Last steam shunting and freight locomotive withdrawn from service.

1975 Fatal accident on the Northern line at Moorgate in which forty-three people were killed. New safety measures introduced.

1983  Dot matrix train destination indicators introduced on platforms.

1987 Tragic fire at King's Cross killed 31 people.

1999  London Underground restructured in preparation for Public Private Partnership.

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